The Synthesis Of Qualitative Research - 2265 Words

Abstract Traditionally, systematic reviews (SR) are descriptive secondary research, which may or may not be accompanied by statistical methods (metaanalysis) of pooling the results of primary, quantitative studies to answer a clinical question or test a hypothesis (Chalmers 1996). Similarly, qualitative primary studies can be pooled and synthesised in order to develop new theories to aid decision making, re-shape policies, and influence professional practices. Over the past 20 years, patient and public involvement (PPI) in research have become increasingly crucial, which has fuelled the increasing popularity of qualitative research as better ways of incorporating public and patient views into health, social and economic policies. There is however a confusing array of methods available for conducting secondary qualitative research. In this paper epistemological concepts guiding a number of methods are discussed. The consensus on enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ) is also reviewed Introduction Synthesis of qualitative data has never been as popular as meta-analysis. It is however becoming an increasingly useful secondary research tool in a diverse area of problem solutions, ranging from leadership and management problems (Walsh 2005; Galuska 2012), sociology (Wilder 2014) to clinical research questions (Beck 2002; Kennedy et al. 2003 and Orri 2014). Secondary research could be part of a course work, dissertation or thesis,Show MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Model : A Meta Synthesis1303 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Analysis of a Published Research Article Ho, A.Y.K., Berggren, I., Dahlborg-Lyckhage, E. (2010). Diabetes empowerment related to Pender’s Health Promotion Model: A meta-synthesis. 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Abercrombie And Fitch s Responsibility For Committing...

In the subsequent article research, the reader will ascertain that Abercrombie Fitch stood responsible for committing religious discrimination against a 17 year old Muslim girl. The company elected not to hire Samantha Elauf, the applicant, for a sales position that stood to be offered. According to the company, the potential applicant violated the â€Å"look policy†. The â€Å"look policy† prohibits any employee from wearing head coverings. The article proposes that the company did not hire the applicant since she wore a hijab to the interview. According to the EEOC Abercrombie Fitch failed produce sufficient evidence that would have properly rebutted the allegations against them. The EEO states that the company violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. This research will reveal if indeed this suit stood warranted, if this suit remained acceptable, what caused it to be warranted and did the EEOC make a mistake. Keywords: Discrimination, EEOC, Religion, and Title VII Civil Rights Act of 1964 The case of Abercrombie Fitch versus the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was based on the accusation that the company refused to hire a teenage Muslim girl because of her head scarf she wore to the interview. The company was alleged to have committed religious discrimination in which the company repudiated doing so, stating that it s verdict not to hire Samantha Elauf in

System Engineering and Analysis Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the System Engineering and Analysis. Answer: Introduction The light rail framework has been designed in order to increase efficiency of transportation system as well as minimize traffic congestion in the particular city. The conceptual design of light rail framework has been designed as well as details of the framework are properly analyzed in order to develop the solution. The areas are needed covered by utilizing the light rail project along with other infrastructure needed for supporting the LRT, which has been assessed for the project deployment. The preliminary design has been created for development of the framework as well as attached with the report. In this perspective, the details design of the methodology has been followed for growth of the infrastructure that is discussed in the present report. The final rail transit framework is tested in order to find errors, which are produced at the time of implementing the system. The errors have been resolved to optimize the system as well as continue with the overall growth of the framework. In addition, the system development life cycle model has been deployed for development of the system along project management schedule, which is needed to create for managing the module along with tracing the progress for the particular project in order to increase efficiency of the project development procedure. Preliminary design The primary design of the light rail framework includes overhead electricity lines as well as layout of the particular track. It is covering vital parts of the city along with the model of light rail transit framework (Dewobroto et al., 2017). In this perspective, track of the light railway framework has been effectively designed like commuters feel safe as well as easy journey with minimizing vibration as well as jerks. The motor that are utilized to run the engine of light railway framework is needed to the powerful that the particular steps as well as the cliffs are easily transmitted. In addition, the project deployment of the light railway framework can get success whether primary design encounters the needs of the city as well as provide advantages to the city. Greene (2015) stated that the overhead lines in the city will be required with be secured Also control station is required with make deployed after An sure hole to transfer of the control and supply those base for boundless energy. That pace of the light rail system may be required with a chance to be controlled for distinctive routes and gps following gadget cam wood a chance to be introduced in the light rails to getting every last one of constant overhaul of the present area and the separation secured toward those LRT. In the congested ranges those tracks would required should be intended such-and-such those street approaches might a chance to be utilized to establishing the track Also offering it with the opposite vehicles running on the streets (Csenge et al. 2016). Those clamor of the motors may be Additionally needed to be diminished with the utilization for best possible encasing What's more keeping the lodge quiet Furthermore enhance those nature of the transportation. The convey limit of the Travelers may be required should a chance to be expanded with change in the current plan and the requisition of the framework improvement lifecycle model assists on improvement of the schema for decreasing those errors created Throughout the improvement of the framework. An extension may be obliged to be produced then afterward (Chaturvedi Kim, 2015). A preliminary examination on the prerequisite for the improvement of a light rail travel system. An arrangement examination may be likewise required on a chance to be aggravated to getting those issues connected with the advancement of the system. After that an arrangement configuration will be recommended including every last one of detail to the Regard of the undertaking. Those framework outline ought further bolstering comprise about every last one of offers Also determination that would required will a chance to be incorporated in the project for settling on it a triumph. For the headway of the undertaking those next stage will be arrived at with respect to fruition of the past phase and the errors created Throughout the headway of the one task will be required should make determined for proceeding (Sarmiento-Carnevali et al. 2017). If a lapse will be identifier in the following stage of the improvement transform the designer may be needed will come back of the past stage to the correction of the slip and proceeding with whatever remains of the task. The probability that a framework or item will fulfill its assigned mission in a tasteful way or, particularly, the reliability that the element will perform in an acceptable way for a given period when utilized under indicated working conditions. A few vital ideas inside this definition: probability, satisfactory performances. Typically expressed in quantitative terms as speaking to a part or rate indicating the quantity of times that one can anticipate that an occasion will happen in an aggregate number of trials.For illustration, an announcement that the likelihood of survival of a substance working 80 hours is 0.75 (or 75%). This demonstrates one can anticipate that it will work appropriately for no less than 80 hours 75 times out of 100. Then again, Maintainability might be characterized on the premise of a mix of elements, for example, the accompanying: A normal for outline and establishment that is communicated as the likelihood that: a thing will be held in or reestablished to a predefined condition inside a given time of time. Maintenance won't be required more than x times in a given period when framework is operated. The support cost for a framework won't surpass y dollars per assigned period when the framework is being worked that is maintained in the project. Detailed design and development: System design Olesen (2014) stated that the advancement of the light rail infrastructure to a city that foundation furthermore objective of the venture will be required to a chance to be broke down What's more beginning those development of those building infrastructures for example, those platforms and the spans needed for those sending of the light rail travel skeleton. The present actuality of the city movement and the ranges obliged on be secured by those light rail organize is also needed will a chance to be viewed as for the advancement of the configuration. The extension for change accessible and the structures that could a chance to be executed for the diminishment of the generally speaking cosset of the system could also included in the plan to expanding the effectiveness of the system (Barfield et al. 2014). The technique chose for the advancement of the light rail schema may be needed will a chance to be affirmed and adjusted to the improvement of the light rail travel skeleton. Most framework are conveyed and afterward work in conditions that change over the long haul. A changing domain can prompt insecurity unless control activity is connected. Control of a part or the greater part of a framework can help keep up framework execution inside indicated resiliencies or can build the value of framework yield. In this address, we focus on the control of venture exercises utilizing basic way technique (CPM). A tangible gadget of technique for measuring the trademark or condition, a control gadget that will contrast measured execution and arranged execution, an initiating gadget that will adjust the framework to achieve an adjustment in the yield trademark or condition being controlled demonstrates the relationship among the four components of a control framework. The preliminary design is required with be assessed Furthermore life cycle expense of the preliminary outline of the schema is likewise obliged to make acknowledged for the improvement of the skeleton. Those expressway improvement What's more oversaw economy of the light rail will be needed should make created and the budgetary backing accessible for the one task may be likewise acknowledged What's more provision of the way office Also configuration those phase to real development of the undertaking. The post configuration stage and the expense bookkeeping will be needed to a chance to be conveyed out and upkeep of the life cycle of the undertaking (Dziauddin, Powe Alvanides, 2015). Project system device around will be obliged to a chance to be utilized to the production of venture plan What's more screen those framework improvement lifecycle is required on be included in the improvement period to improvement of the skeleton. Development of the design The breakdown structure is obliged to be made and the undertaking will be required to a chance to be produced as stated by it. The one task supervisor may be mindful should relegate the assets will every of the action incurred in the separate stages for project improvement (Meinert et al. 2015). The plan of the project cam wood make computed from the task plan Furthermore legitimate estimation of the plan and in the pre configuration period length of the track and the scope range is needed with be recognized to estimation of the expense from claiming design of the track. In the post configuration stage a exact Investigation will be needed with a chance to be made Furthermore every last one of points of the system structure may be obliged should be incorporated fir expanding the correctness of the figuring of the cosset of the venture. Those support expense is additionally required will a chance to be included in the post configuration dissection and reimbursement cosset of the presen t structure, restoration Furthermore supplanting of the skeleton may be additionally incorporated in the support expense. The framework of the framework will be made coating the predesigned stage and the post plan period for the fruition of the outline advancement of the light rail travel skeleton. The improvement condition of the undertaking relies on the accessibility of the specialists and the help of the neighborhood Group to that task requirement. An arrangement dissection is carried on the present system of the light rail schema of the city and the change that could a chance to be committed is included to execution of the new outline result of the LRT (Patanakul et al. 2016). The structure of the framework may be needed on a chance to be subdivided under diverse Classes to assessment of the framework Furthermore outline those structure as stated by those prerequisite of the task. Human factors are also important for developing a project. Vision or sight, in accordance with framework configuration, is typically restricted to the coveted vertical and flat fields. Hearing: the designer needs to address both the prerequisites for oral interchanges and the parts of commotion. Noise is for the most part viewed as a distracter and obstacle while considering effectiveness of work achievement. The feeling of smell turns into a noteworthy issue in shut spaces with poor ventilation. The feeling is essential in the outline of workstations. Just like the feeling of adjust to forestall encounters like nausea and queasiness. System testing, assessment, validation and optimization: System testing An effective system design is required to a chance to be performed on the current schema of the light rail travel. An system design building methodology may be oblige with a chance to be connected on the testing technique to arranging of the steps required will make connected for testing the base. Those arranging may be obliged on a chance to be illustrated for the creation of a best possible configuration of the skeleton. Furthermore test the framework for assessment of the ability of the light rail travel framework (Walter Fellendorf, 2015). Those enter beginning stage of the project may be needed with a chance to be chosen as stated by the framework building approach and the highest point level execution of the venture is required to be assessed to gathering the prerequisite of the task. A test successor will be obliged should make formed to the assessment of the prerequisite. A combined redesign of the models will be needed should be evaluated for the performing a post organizat ion test Furthermore expand the effectiveness of the improvement of the framework (Currie Delbosc, 2014). The distinctive models accessible for that organization of the light rail skeleton will be needed on make assessed for that assessment of the present schema with the great model. Those tests confronted Eventually Tom's perusing the fruitful model may be broke down and compared for the accessible models for deploying it effectively and make the undertaking a triumph. Evaluation of the project The acceptance of the project is needed with make made after those thinking about those venture with those fruitful tasks and a benchmark may be obliged to make situated to meeting the personal satisfaction of the venture also run the test as stated by it (Cruz, Marques Pereira, 2014). The hazard connected with the organization of the framework will be required should make broke down as stated by the schema Furthermore it will be needed on make optimized as stated by those cosset and management of the task will be likewise obliged on a chance to be viewed as for the fruition of the one task. The disappointment modes and the impacts of the examination is also needed on make figured out how to acceptance of the one task and assessment of the hazard connected with the improvement of the venture. Validation and optimization The rationale might make connected and the information will be obliged with be assembled to framework trying. The provision of the conceptualizing procedure is included in the process (Herrera et al. 2015). Furthermore qualitative and quantitative Investigation might make connected for the improvement of the current schema of the association. Those hazard of the project is needed on make prioritized In view of those kind and the center and the yield of the framework will be also needed should make controlled for controlling those procedure.. The questionable matter and the reaction of the framework for those meaning of the plan and proposition of the base need examination of the similarity of the project (Hensher, Ho Mulley, 2015). The agreeability of the parts utilized for those advancement of the design and utilization of the administration for examination of the reason and the schema of the venture to those improvement of the task as stated by those framework improvement life cyc le model. Conclusion From the above report card it might be finished up that that provision of the framework improvement life cycle model in the improvement of the project will be imperative for that triumph of the project. A preliminary plan will be obliged to make made for those task. The point by point configuration comprised every last one of functionalities that would obliged with make included and the procedure that is obliged to be chosen to the Advance of the task. The acceptance of the task will be required on a chance to be chosen and the project will be required should make tried different times to those acceptance of the purpose of the one task for the degree of the improvement. The one task will be obliged will meet the targets situated to the prosperity of the one task. The undertaking administration faculty may be required should have the ability with meet to utilize separate venture administration instruments to the correct estimation of the plan and the plan of the project Also screen th ose Advance of the one task as stated by those prerequisite. That framework may be required to be tried as stated by the made calendar and the plan of the one task will be. Additionally needed should a chance to be assessed for the advancement of the project. References Dewobroto, W., Imran, I., Johan, E., Yanto, S. (2017). Design and Construction of SteelConcrete Hybrid Piers for a Light Rail Transit System in Palembang, Indonesia.Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction,22(3), 05017002. Greene, R. (2015, March). Vibration Control Design for Light Rail Transit: A Single Project With the Full Rainbow of Vibration Control Features: Case Study. In2015 Joint Rail Conference(pp. V001T01A003-V001T01A003). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Csenge, M. V., Qian, Y., Dersch, M. S., Edwards, J. R. (2016). Resilient Concrete Crosstie and Fastening System Designs for Light Rail, Heavy Rail, and Commuter Rail Transit Infrastructure. InProceedings: 11th World Congress on Railway Research. Chaturvedi, V., Kim, S. H. (2015). Long term energy and emission implications of a global shift to electricity-based public rail transportation system.Energy Policy,81, 176-185. Sarmiento-Carnevali, M. L., Harrison, T. J., Dutta, S., Bemment, S. D., Ward, C. P., Dixon, R. (2017). Design, construction, deployment and testing of a full-scale Repoint Light track switch (I). Olesen, M. (2014). Framing light rail projectsCase studies from Bergen, Angers and Bern.Case Studies on Transport Policy,2(1), 10-19. Barfield, W., Dingus, T. A. (2014).Human factors in intelligent transportation systems. Psychology Press. Dziauddin, M. F., Powe, N., Alvanides, S. (2015). Estimating the effects of light rail transit (LRT) system on residential property values using geographically weighted regression (GWR).Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy,8(1), 1-25. Meinert, M., Prenleloup, P., Schmid, S., Palacin, R. (2015). Energy storage technologies and hybrid architectures for specific diesel-driven rail duty cycles: Design and system integration aspects.Applied Energy,157, 619-629. Patanakul, P., Kwak, Y. H., Zwikael, O., Liu, M. (2016). What impacts the performance of large-scale government projects?.International Journal of Project Management,34(3), 452-466. Walter, S., Fellendorf, M. (2015). Long-Term Upgrade Strategy for Light Rail and Regional Rail: Robust Methodological Approach.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2534), 38-47. Currie, G., Delbosc, A. (2014). Assessing bus rapid transit system performance in Australasia.Research in Transportation Economics,48, 142-151. Cruz, C. O., Marques, R. C., Pereira, I. (2014). Alternative contractual arrangements for Urban light rail systems: Lessons from two case studies.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,141(3), 05014017. Herrera, V. I., Gaztaaga, H., Milo, A., Saez-de-Ibarra, A., Etxeberria-Otadui, I., Nieva, T. (2015, September). Optimal energy management of a battery-supercapacitor based light rail vehicle using genetic algorithms. InEnergy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015 IEEE(pp. 1359-1366). IEEE. Hensher, D. A., Ho, C., Mulley, C. (2015). Identifying resident preferences for bus-based and rail-based investments as a complementary buy in perspective to inform project planning prioritisation.Journal of Transport Geography,46, 1-9

The Red Violin free essay sample

The wood of my violin used to be a deep red. It used to be polished and shiny, the rich color standing out among the other violins in the shop. I rented it a week after I had turned ten, as a birthday present to myself. I loved it more than the world, until I actually started playing it. That was when I had realized something: playing violin is really, really hard. My fingers couldn’t hold the bow correctly and I dropped it more times than I could count. My left hand, responsible for every note that I played, betrayed me every day. My fingers throbbed after every ten minute practice and the dent of the string marked my fingers for weeks afterwards. That first year, I hated violin more than anything. The second year was even worse. Everyone who had struggled with me the year before suddenly became Mozart as they flawlessly played everything our teacher gave us. We will write a custom essay sample on The Red Violin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was left behind, forced to blame my terrible playing on the prescription of my glasses, claiming that I couldn’t see the right notes. By this time, my fingers had grown calluses to help slide on the string but they still abandoned me every time I had to play C sharp. To make it all worse, my teacher refused to let me drop to the beginner class, even though I was probably closer to their level than the advanced level of my friends. What I didn’t realize, and what my teacher had known all along, was that my fear of being left behind by my rapidly advancing peers forced me to practice until my fingers bled and my hand couldn’t close all the way. There were sixty five of us that first year in fourth grade. By fifth, there were seven. Three went on to middle school, and by the time high school rolled around, there was only me. I begged my friends to continue on with me so that I wouldn’t be the only one, but they were tired of aching fingers and lugging the huge case to and from school everyday.I never quit playing, partly because after so long it had become part of who I am. I could never abandon my dear violin, who had moved with me and lived with me through all the dreadful practices, the adrenaline filled concerts, and hardships of balancing practice with homework and sports. My violin was an old friend, always supporting me and providing a stress reliever and a quiet moment in my hectic daily cycle of sleep-school-soccer-clubs-homework-swim. Freshman year I outgrew my red violin, along with my old group of friends, music, and style, and bought a new violin that was a deep orange color. This one didn’t have the peeling tape my old one had to remind me of where to put my fingers. It was different in almost every way, but then again, so was I. I had swapped long straightened hair for my short natural curls, and my priorities had shifted from ‘make time to play violin’ to ‘balance violin with sports, magazine editor duties, volunteer service, and homework’. Up until a year ago, I never understood why I continued to play the violin. It was annoying to bring to school, took up at least an hour of valuable homework time to practice, was loud and screeching at times and added a layer of stress to everything when concerts came around. But those countless hours I spent hunched over sheet music were unforgettable. The feeling of pride that filled me when I managed to play a hard verse correctly made me feel warm to my core. And at the end of every day, no matter if I got a bad test score or missed a goal in soccer or came in last in my swim race, I just take a deep breath, tune my violin, and start playing.

Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behavior essays

Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behavior essays Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behaviors In economics we often see monopolistic behavior displayed by companies. Monopolies are defined as companies with exclusive control over the marketing of their product or service. A monopoly is generally the dominant firm, not necessarily the only firm in their corner of the market. The difference between monopolies and competitive firms is that a monopoly is able to influence the price of its good. Monopolies can be created if the company is the only seller of its goods or their are no close substitutes. They stay monopolies because their are many barriers to entry in the market for potential competitors. The barriers to entry would be that the resource is owned by one firm; the government allows the product to be patented or copyrighted; and the cost of the production of a good is the most efficient, therefore the cheapest for a single company. Like in firms there is usually a power struggle in families, but between siblings for attention by their parents. Generally, parents try to be fair in the attention distributed amongst their children, but there is usually one child who is able to dominate the attention. In most families the youngest child has an amazing control over their parents. They are constantly able to captivate their parents attention. It is very easy for this to happen because usually the youngest requires the most attention. They have more needs and are more dependent on their parents than the other siblings. The other children are in constant competition with the youngest for the attention. The youngest child in most families is able to dominate the attention from their parents. They create a monopoly over the attention from their parents. The older siblings are then closed out of the market with the lack of attention. The competition is very strong when the children are younger, but in the later years the older siblings accept the fact that it wi ...

Halloween Traditions in France and French Vocabulary

Halloween Traditions in France and French Vocabulary Halloween is a relatively new thing in France. Some people will tell you that its a Celtic celebration, which has been celebrated in parts of France (Brittany) for centuries. OK, it may have been something important for some people, but nothing that reached the general public of France. All Saint Day: La Toussaint in France Traditionally in France, we celebrate the Catholic holiday of la Toussaint, which is on November 1. Its a rather sad celebration when family mourn their dead  and go to the cemetery to clean up the tombs, bring flowers and pray. There is often a family meal, but no special tradition about the food. We bring des chrysanthà ¨mes (a type of flower usually called mums, from the Latin chrysanthemum) because they still bloom at this time of the year. Celebrating Halloween is now "in" in France However, things are changing. If I remember well, it started in the early 90s. Celebrating Halloween became fashionable among young adults, especially among people who liked to travel. I remember going to a Halloween party at a very trendy friend when I was 20, and I fell I was in the it crowd!!   Nowadays, shops and trademarks use the images of Halloween, pumpkins, skeletons etc†¦ in their ads, so now, French people know it well, and some even start to celebrate Halloween with their kids. Why not? The French traditionally love to get in costumes, and its quite common to have a costumed New Year party or a costumed birthday, even more so among kids. French Teacher Love Halloween Additionally, Halloween is a great opportunity to teach some English words to kids. French kids start to learn English in elementary school. Its merely an introduction to the English language (dont expect  a fluent conversation out of a 10-year-old), but since kids would do pretty much anything for candies, elementary school teachers jump at the opportunity and often organize a costume  parade, and some trick or treating. Note, however, it never gets to tricks!! Most French homes will not have candies, and would be furious if their house got toilet papered!! French Halloween Vocabulary La Toussaint – All Saint DayLe trente et un octobre – 31st of OctoberHalloween – halloween (say it the French way â€Å"a lo ween†)Friandises ou bà ªtises/ Des bonbons ou un sort – treat or trickSe dà ©guiser  (en) – to wear a costume, to dress-up asJe me dà ©guise en sorcià ¨re – I am wearing a witch costume, I am dressing-up as a witchSculpter une citrouille – to carve a pumpkinFrapper la porte – to knock on the doorSonner la sonnette – to ring the bellFaire peur quelqu’un – to scare someoneAvoir peur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to be scaredDonner des bonbons – to give candiesUn dà ©guisement, un costume – a costumeUn fantà ´me – a ghostUn vampire – a vampireUne sorcià ¨re – a witchUne princesse – a princessUn squelette – a skeletonUn à ©pouvantail – a scarecrowUn diable – a devilUne momie – a mummyUn monstre – a monsterUne ch auve-souris – a batUne araignà ©e – a spiderUne toile d’araignà ©e – a spider webUn chat noir – a black catUn potiron, une citrouille – a pumpkinUne bougie – a candleDes bonbons – candies

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example This study looks into the law of land as a branch of law that regulates dealings related to land. Land is defined as a physical portion of the earth’s surface and resources that are found above and bellow the surface. The definition of land also extends to rights that are associated with land. This document covers the facts of the case: connor, a landowner decided to sell off part of his land in order to ease his financial strains. He intended to use the income for developing the remaining parts of his land. He sold his farmhouse to Jane on terms that the firm house shall be used as a residential facility for a single family. Similarly, he sold part of the farm to Bullhorn Company on terms that any subsequent owner of the sold part shall develop and maintain a fence, the sold portion shall not be used for more than twelve dwelling houses, and that the property shall strictly be used for residential purposes. Bullhorn developed twelve independent residential units and sold then to different parties on the terms that the owners shall strictly use the property for residential purposes and shall pay a vendor some maintenance fees for upkeep of the roadway. Jane also sold her property to Oscar who has since established a business enterprise within the property. Alex, one of the buyers from Bullhorn has also been using his house as a bail hostel, a commercial initiative. As a result, other house owners have expressed their dissatisfaction and have refused to maintain their fences as well as payments for road upkeep. Legal issues Covenants Covenants are obligations that are derived from agreements between two landowners. While one party incurs obligations, the other party consequently derives a benefit to the covenant. The common objectives for making covenants include restrictions to the use of the pieces of land or prescription of outline to a development plan. A covenant may for instance control the manner in which a person can use his or her piece of land o r even the status of the landowner. Though the general rule imposes rights and liabilities on the original parties to a covenant, th

Chemistry of common preservatives Research Paper

Chemistry of common preservatives - Research Paper Example A great amount of interchangeability does not exist because of specific inhibitory actions towards bacteria, or molds or yeasts. Although microbes may not be avoided in non-sterile preparations, attempts are made to ensure that potentially pathogenic microbes are absent. The presence and subsequent growth of microbes may lead to many chemical changes and loss of quality of food preparations, pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. The potential for this loss of quality may occur at any of the many stages between acquisition of the raw material and eventual consumption of the finished product. The history of chemical and physical preservation is closely associated with the history and development of antimicrobial agents. Since the ancient times a scientific basis of antisepsis, disinfection and preservation has evolved over the last 150-160 years. Modern research brings to light that the use of preservatives has not been an alien concept to mankind in history. For centuries, preservatives, in the natural form, have been used in the pickling process, development of dyes and colors, prevention of microbial action on wounds, perishable goods such as vegetables, dairy etc. The Native Americans even relied on the use of adding bacteria the drying process1 .The most amazing and innovative use of preserving agents was exhibited by the Egyptians in the mummification process of the dead bodies of the rulers. The use of oils and resins to quicken or slow down the decaying process were used to best effect by the Egyptian Civilization. Nowadays, food preservation has dramatically reduced, Combination of preservatives may reduce overall concentration of a preservative and natural preservative system could replace the classical ones to minimize the adverse effects. It is the simplest acid of aromatic series. It is permitted as a preservative in food-stuffs, drugs and cosmetics as sodium or potassium salt of benzoic acid. It is

Happening Truth Essay Example for Free

Happening Truth Essay I was wearing white, sparkly Skechers and those pants that swoosh together every time you take a step. Fourth grade was a tough year as my class moved to Proctor Elementary school and hit my awkward stage. I was taller than all my friends and my chubby cheeks overwhelmed my face. My self confidence was very low being fairly heavy for my age, I felt as if I had not excelled at anything so far. Gym class was my least favorite class because I was slower than most of the class and the year started with a dreaded test. Sit-ups, push-ups, pull-ups, and the timed mile were in my very near future. After I made it through that week we played games and I most significantly remember playing soccer hockey. After Mrs. Magner chose the teams it was up to us 10 year-olds to choose positions. I had my back turned to him when he said it. Rachel should be goalie because she is so fat! he yelled to the class. I felt my face overcome with hotness and my heart seemed to fall into my stomach. I turned to the rest of the class and looked down at the floor but still felt their eyes on my growing body. My eyes began to water but I still took my position in the net. On the bus ride home I saw people whispering about the days events and when I got off the bus I broke down. My mom tried to comfort me with compliments but I knew those were just things she had to say. School the next day was terrifying for me and when I opened my lunch the Yodels were replaced with carrots and dip. It is hard to believe that I was so affected by this event that seems ridiculous to some. I dont hold a grudge against the boy who humiliated me that day but I am actually grateful for the experience. Today I am confident in class and I enjoy going to school with my peers. I am comfortable with my body and dont feel self conscious because I know there are more important things than a simple body type. From that day I learned that others opinions should not affect your personal outlook on life. My sister is in fifth grade and is going through the same stage I experienced so I do my best to relay what I have learned so she never needs to fear school or classmates. As a high school junior, I believe I have grasped this concept by becoming involved and improving the outlook I have on myself. Self confidence is so important coming into high school and throughout life so not one person, or minute comment like the one I heard, should interfere with that.

Poverty and Food Shortages :: Famine World Hunger

There is a serious development that concerns not only hungry people but all of us. Food is becoming too expensive and food riots are spreading. There were tortilla riots in Mexico when the praise of grain became unaffordable which can happen again. Most countries have been able to feed their own but there is a fear that the millions of the unfed will come across borders to eat. If this happens those with food will battle to keep it from the hungry. Supermarkets will be forced to place armed guards in front of their doors and refrigerators will be padlocked. There are food riots going on at the present time in Haiti where the government was overthrown. Nobody can predict tomorrows costs of grain or rice. Many say it will double in price in the coming months. Over a billion Chinese people are now eating meat products that are grain fed. This is a result of an increase in their standard of living. They grow very little grain so more than ninety percent of all meat eaten in China is imported. This is one of the causes of the shortage of world wide grain. The Chinese people have a right to eat as much meat as they can afford. It would be ridiculous to ask them to curb their appetites for the sake of the hungry in other countries. We must look elsewhere for a solution. The rising price of oil is the main cause of rising grain costs. Harvesters and trucks that use oil have to pass on added expenses. A loaf of bread cannot be sold for one dollar when it costs two to produce. The hungry must eat but if they cant afford to buy bread who will pay to feed them? The best solution is to lower oil prices which will bring down the costs of grain production. This would bring to a halt world wide hunger. There have been many famines where millions have starved to death. The Ukraine suffered a man made famine less than seventy five years ago where over a million died of hunger.

An Export-Led Growth Strategy: Pakistan Essay

This essay makes no pretence to offer a novel concept or a new development strategy and most economists reading it will probably stifle a yawn and turn the page. Yet it is a subject worth talking about. Many countries round the world, most notably the former Asian Tigers, China, Brazil, Turkey and more recently India have followed such a strategy with great success. Pakistan has not and it is well to ask why and what we can do about it. Pakistan has never had a consistent, coherent and well-articulated export-led growth strategy. Indeed, exports are often treated as a residual, an after-thought, once the domestic market has been filled. This is inexplicable given our persistently large trade deficit which has not been reduced over time and we have difficulty financing it (filling the gap) each year. Economic growth has at various times been driven by either the public or private sector or more recently – and most disastrously in the previous government – by consumption which created dangerous asset- price bubbles in the domestic economy, led to overheating pressures and a surge in inflation and imports. Economic growth has never been driven by exports nor has building a dynamic export sector been at the forefront of any government’s economic strategy. While the large-scale manufacturing sector in Pakistan is the focus of policy attention not least because it has a powerful lobby, it is the tip of the manufacturing (and export) sector ice-berg. It is the small and medium-enterprise manufacturing (SME) sector in Pakistan that generates four-fifths of our manufacturing output, employment and exports. Sustained and focused policy-driven growth in this sector with its strong forward and backward inter-industry linkages is the kind of -inclusive- growth that Pakistan urgently needs. With labor-input a large component of capital and output, rapid SME growth has important positive implications for wages, employment, living standards and the goal of poverty alleviation. Why Pakistan has shied away from adopting such a strategy is not clear. Of course every now and then there is much bluff and bluster about boosting exports and grand plans to contain our external deficit and debt. Since the government is busy giving â€Å"top priority† to everything, the priority that should be given to exports is drowned amid the â€Å"noise† of the many – and often contradictory – pronouncements. Perhaps the first reason for not paying sufficient attention to the SME sector – and an incredible one at that – is that we don’t know much about the SME sector despite its size and importance in the economy. We have large bureaucracies dealing with SME in all provinces but it is unclear what they do. Surveys of activity this sector are taken in -frequently, sometimes as far apart as 15 years, and a inter-survey growth rate is calculated which is then put into the National Income Accounts and repeated year-after-year until the next survey. The real growth rate of the SME sector has been fixed at as low a figure as 2. 5% per annum. The present fixed rate is 7. 5% per annum. But what is really happening in the SME sector in the inter-survey years no one knows except through crude methods of linear interpolation. If there is no information and just a fixed assumed growth rate with fixed and outdated coefficients for employment and capital, there can be no meaningful strategy of export- led growth in the SME sector to begin with. The second reason could be that we don’t like to talk about exchange rate policy except in whispered conspiratorial terms. Maintaining a -stable† exchange rate is always thought to be a reflection of how well economic policies are being managed. Governments frequently interfere with exchange rate management issues and demand that the exchange rate is kept -stable. † An appreciating exchange rate is greeted with applause. Devaluation is always bad. Nominal â€Å"exchange rate stability† was one of the highly –touted achievements of the Musharraf years even though no one was noticing that Pakistan’s export to GDP ratio was falling (along with our notoriously under-performing and falling tax-to-GDP ratio). This presented prima facie evidence that export profitability was most probably being compressed and the authorities should have done something about it. But given that we were in an era of plentiful aid and other capital inflows there was no pressure on government to do much either on the export or the tax front. Added to the conspiracy theories, there is a widespread view that exchange rate devaluation which for exporters means more rupees earned per dollar exported, has no effect on export performance. The reality is more nuanced and worthy of some elaboration. There are fairly long lags between exchange rate depreciation and the response of exports. It takes time to gear up production to the new level of export profitability. Furthermore, for devaluation to impact exports in a positive way, the exchange rate must depreciate in â€Å"real,† rather than only â€Å"nominal,† terms, that is, the extent of depreciation (or increase in nominal export profitability), of say 10 percent, must exceed the going rate of domestic inflation, say 7 percent. Exports respond to increases in real profitability (in the above example the real increase in export profitability is 10 percent minus 7 percent = 3 percent, not just the nominal change in profitability, 10 percent). If the extent of devaluation is offset, or more than offset, by higher inflation because macro policies are insufficiently tight and there is cost-push inflation, there will be no stimulus to exports because there is no, or perhaps even a negative, change in real export profitability. Importantly, any increase in real export profitability needs to be sustained if the stimulus to exports is to be lasting. If exporters see that the improvement in real export profitability is likely to be fleeting and will dissipate through future inflation, or a change in government policy, they will have little incentive to export and would prefer to sell in the domestic market. Given the concentrated, oligopolistic structure of industry in Pakistan and the high-levels of protection afforded to producers in the domestic market from foreign import competition, real profitability in the domestic market can be very high, often a multiple of what can be earned in the export sector. In Pakistan this has been a strong disincentive to produce for exports. This brings to the foreground a â€Å"second-order condition† for a successful export drive. Even if there is a real increase in export profitability, the much higher real profitability levels, or â€Å"monopoly rents,† that can be earned in the domestic market will induce firms to sell domestically, eschewing exports. Worse, firms may actually switch back to selling in the domestic market and cease exporting altogether as the differential between domestic profitability and exports rises. Of course, a judicious application of trade, tax and tariff policies and other incentives can help countries achieve an incentive structure more favorable to exports. Many countries that are more aggressive with their export drive actually tilt profitability sharply towards the export sector and ensure it is sustained. The importance of establishing an incentive structure favorable to exports is underscored by the fact that exporting, per se, is a challenging task. Not only are quality requirements higher, strict adherences to, for example, packaging, labeling, and hygienic standards is essential. One often hears of Pakistani exports being banned in foreign markets because of our failure to adhere to high standards. Competition from other countries selling in the same market is intense; price wars and dumping can be ruinous, and there are tariff and non-tariff barriers and complex procedural regulations in the importing country that have to be negotiated and complied with. These â€Å"non-price† determinants of exports can be of significant importance. While price and non-price factors interact to determine competitiveness, exports also respond to export market income growth. The magnitude of the response of exports to income growth is the â€Å"income elasticity of demand for exports† which generally reflects the country’s export mix. Given the commodity composition of Pakistan’s exports, dominated by low-value textiles such as yarn and cloth, the income elasticity of our exports is not large, perhaps even less than unity (or less than one). This means that for every one percent increase in export market income growth, our exports respond by less than one percent. This less than â€Å"unitary income elasticity† of our exports explains why Pakistan’s export market share has lagged behind the growth in global income and trade. By contrast, in the more dynamic exporting countries, the income elasticity of exports of their higher-value added products can be as high as four or six and these countries have made impressive strides in expanding their global market share. Many countries use the exchange rate as a weapon of export competitiveness, most prominently China, where the exchange rate is kept artificially depreciated (by some calculations by as much as 42% but now down to 24%), when China’s massive trade surpluses with other countries, most notably the US, and even more massive foreign exchange reserves (presently $2. trillion) would point towards a policy of gradual appreciation of the currency that would slow down the torrid pace of China’s exports and pull in more imports driven by domestic demand. In doing so, China’s massive trade surpluses would start to diminish, and with other surplus countries adjusting in a similar manner, the global economy would be better balanced. According to a recent estimate a 20% appreciation of the Chinese currency would cut $150 billion off the US trade deficit with China and create 1 million US jobs by making US exports more competitive. Pakistan needs to change the commodity composition of its exports, add new higher value products for export and look for new export markets. After 62 years we still export the same products of largely unchanged quality to the same markets as reflected in the estimated â€Å"Commodity Concentration Index† of our exports which has remained broadly unchanged. We have made little progress in moving up the -value-added chain† and getting better unit prices for our exports. One study showed that the unit price our exports can be as low as one-third of the unit price other developing exporting countries earn for the same product. The unit price of our exports of garments, for example, was lower than the unit price received by exporters in Bangladesh for the same garments selling to the same market. This is a distressing fact since it shows the Is there any empirical econometric support to the view that the real exchange rate matters? There have been a surprisingly few studies done in Pakistan given the importance of the subject (most of the studies have been done by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and the IMF using Pakistani data). These studies do point to a strong and fairly robust relationship between the real exchange rate and exports. Of course, other factors too contribute as explanatory variables such as world income growth. The lags between real exchange rate changes and real exports mentioned earlier need to be carefully specified to get a better â€Å"fit† of the predictions of the econometric model to the actual data. Other than these models which are probably out-of-date, the projections that are made each year in the context of our export targets are based on what can be termed â€Å"casual empiricism. The government iterates to a target figure for each export commodity based on discussions with trade bodies and simply extrapolates by using an agreed compound growth rate from a given base-year figure. There is no rigorous forecasting model which specifies explanatory variables that underlies the export targets. To sum up, Pakistan needs more information and better information on what is going on in the SME sector from which most of our exports emanate. It will be costly since the SME sector is widely dispersed but the benefits would more than justify the cost of more frequent surveys of the full population of the SME sector, say every three years with smaller sample surveys taken each year so as to build-up a time-series profile of the dynamics of the SME sector. External donors would be more than willing to finance such a survey (s) with grant (non-debt-creating) funds if Pakistan can present a credible plan. The decision by the US to give $100 million to the SME sector could portend a new beginning for the sector but one has misgivings about the administrative and technical capacity of the SME establishment and whether they can or will deliver meaningful results. Discussion of the appropriateness of the exchange rate and how domestic inflation and relative inflation affects export profitability, the difference between nominal and real exchange rate, the overall conduct of exchange rate policy, and different exchange rate regimes followed by more successful exporting countries, needs to be more transparent, up-front and better understood. The point to drive home is that the real exchange rate does matter and is an important – albeit not exclusive – determinant of lasting export success. It is the most important price signal in any economy. The incentive structure needs to tilt towards exports versus selling in the domestic market through judicious adjustment in trade, tax, finance and tariff policies. Special, selective incentives should be given to exporters, especially new exports which should not be available to producers selling in the domestic market within of course the ambit of WTO rules. To prevent abuse of these incentives they should be tied to performance and withdrawn if performance is not forthcoming as measured by, say, actual exports in the previous three years. If this â€Å"tilt† is sustained, new exports will emerge of products and from sectors previously un-thought of A look at the rag-bag category of â€Å"Miscellaneous Exports† in the export data turns up some surprising high-value items that Pakistan exports (some to very sophisticated markets in Europe) but the amounts are small and their year-on-year growth is erratic. Since there is little targeted encouragement given to these new exports, they usually fade out of the export picture altogether. If there is no domestic market that they can turn to, these firms shut down. In both cases, Pakistan has lost a potential export item and valuable foreign exchange something that we can ill-afford. Focusing on fostering growth in these high-value exports which emanate from the SME sector would improve the export mix, diversify the export base, reduce the commodity concentration of our exports and increase the income elasticity of demand for our exports in world markets. The non-price determinants of exports need to be strengthened through emulating â€Å"best-practice† techniques employed by the leading exporters of the world. This is not rocket-science since most of the â€Å"best-practice† techniques can be gleaned from the internet. Furthermore, domestic investors and FDI proposals that are aimed at exports should be given the highest priority and placed on a fast-track of approval. FDI inflows offer the best route to securing structural shifts in the technological progress function in the SME sector while at the same time bringing in better managerial and marketing skills which are so critical in exporting. Enhancing productive efficiency in the SME sectors means being able to offer higher wages in line with productivity improvements which would lead to higher living standards and poverty levels dropping to the teens as demonstrated by the remarkable success of other exporting countries. As productivity growth responds to output growth (as in the P.  J. Verdoon and Kaldor models which inverts the causality of neo-classical models of Solow and Swan) with output growth being driven mainly by net exports as would be the case in an export-led development strategy, static and dynamic economies of scale can be reaped through the process of â€Å"Learning-by-Doing† as espoused by the US economist Kenneth Arrow in his path-breaking work. Such dynamic economies of scale and increasing returns can generate positive cumulative circular causation effects that impact costs, prices and profitability in the export sector.

Democracy Building

Nowadays, it is common to have free elections in the country, to have right to vote and those are some of the characteristics that define democracy in some country. However, the question is how did the democratic regime developed what are the factors that helped in establishing the democracy? In this paper I will discuss the texts by Lipset Seymour, Moore Barrington, Przeworski Adam and Fernando Limongi and Skocpo Theda. All the mentioned authors answering the previous question. In their papers they discuss transition from the aristocratical type of government to more modernized and democratic government. The main noticeable variables in texts that kind of pushed for the democracy are economy, education, class structure in the society and political legitimacy. Right from the title of Seymour Lipset text â€Å"Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy† it is obvious that he means that economy and political legitimacy are necessary for development and maintenance of democratic regime in some country. Unlike Lipset, Przeworski Adam and Fernando Limongi in their article â€Å"Modernization: Theories and Facts† believe that the strong economy does not need to be necessary for the countries to develop the democracy but they believe that democracy have more chance to survive in countries with stronger economy. While Lipset, Przeworski and Limongi focus mostly on the influence of the economy on the development of democracy, Moore Barrington in his book â€Å"Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World† compares different countries and the regimes that influenced transition to more modernized countries. He describes in his book how independent bourgeois is necessary for transition from the agrarian society to more modern society (democracy). Alike Przeworski and Limongi disagree in some points with Lipotski, Skocpo Theda in her article â€Å"A Critical Review of Barriangton Moore's Social Origins† criticizes Moore. Skocpo admits that conflict between the classes is important for the development of democracy in the country but she also believes that bourgeois is not as necessary for the democracy as Moore explains. While Moore is focused more on political revolution in the countries, Skocpo is focused primarily on social revolution. I will go on and explain these texts more in depth and I will start first with Lipsent's article. â€Å"Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy† is written in very philosophical way, he used more qualitative method over quantitative, and the texts is not focused on small details much, so considering that it seems that Lipset used a macro-level of analysis. Lipset also used a deductive analysis because he has a hypothesis that he needs to test and he claims already in the first paragraph of his article â€Å"It his paper the problem is attacked from a sociological and behavioral standpoint, by presenting a number of hypotheses concerning some social requisites for democracy, and by discussing some of the data available to test these hypotheses† (Lipset, 69). Even though in his article Lipset believes that the main characteristic to have a stable democracy is strong economy, he also agrees that the class structure and historical events are also factors that can influence the development of democracy in a country. Through his essay Lipset indicates that Max Weber says how historical events can influence the country's political regime (72). Lipset also gave Germany as an example of a state who had good economy, growing industrialization, education but still could not develop stable democracy â€Å"†¦all favored the establishment of a democratic system, but in which a series of adverse historical events prevented democracy from securing legitimacy in the eyes of many important segments of society, and thus weakened German democracy's ability to withstand crisis† (Lipset 72). What Lipset also emphasizes is education. From his researchers he found out that the more democratic countries have the higher education. Another reason why the education is important the country's democracy is because â€Å"The higher one's education, the more likely one is to believe in democratic values and support democratic practices'7† (Lipset 79). However, there is also a connection between education and economy because the countries with the higher education are also the wealthy countries. In his essay he also compares some variables like urbanization, literacy, media participation, of some countries and political participation in the countries like Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iran and Jordan. The Turkey scored the highest (Lipset 81). Even though Egypt is more urbanized than Turkey, Lipset supports Lerner opinion on that Turkey is more modernized state than Egypt because the literacy, participation and urbanization are increasing, while Egypt is â€Å"literacy homeless† (Lipset 81). Furthermore, like Moore, Lipset says that â€Å"burgher class whose existence was both a catalyst and a necessary condition for democracy,† from this we can see that the social classes are one of the factors that is important for development of democracy. Lipset also mentions that the better economy influences the class structure. However, the upper class did not like the idea of democracy because they wanted to be different from the lower class. Nonetheless the economical development for the lower class means â€Å"greater economic security, and higher education, permit those in this status to develop longer time perspectives and more complex and gradualist views of politics† (Lipset 83). With the economical development the middle class would be emerge. Lipset indicates that legitimacy and effectiveness are also necessary to sustain the democracy. Legitimacy is defined as â€Å"†¦the capacity of a political system to engender and maintain the belief that existing political institutions are the most appropriate or proper ones for the society† (Lipset 86). With effectiveness Lipset means that the government should take the more active role in political system (Lipset 86). As mentioned before economic development causes extension of the middle class, and with more people on the higher position government will become more efficient and will take the legitimacy more seriously. Through the whole essay Lipset is trying to explain how the development of the economy is essential for the establishment and substation of democracy. He uses many variables to prove his point. He compares different (rich, poor) countries to each other. Lipset has some good points and everything is supported by qualitative or quantitative evidence. He shows through his essay that strong economy is fundamental element in having a stable democracy but he concludes that democracy can survive only if people work together towards it, one man alone cannot do anything (Lipset 103). Alike Lipset, Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi in their article are also trying to explain how development of economy affects transformation from the dictatorship to democratic regime. However, through their article they try to discuss the points that Lipset says about relationship between development of economy and democracy, nevertheless as a mentioned before Limongi and Preworski do not agree with all the points that Lisent made in his essay. In their article they provide a lot of quantitative data to support their theory. Przeworski and Limongi started their essay by defining two types of democratization, endogenous and exogenous. The endogenous in this content means â€Å"†¦either democracies may be more likely to emerge as countries develop economically†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and exogenous â€Å"†¦or they may be established independently of economic development but may be more likely to survive in developed countries† (Preworski, Limongi pg2). Endogenous in their opinion is considered as a â€Å"modernization† theory, and in that theory, democratization is the final stage of modernization (Preworski, Limongi pg2). The endogenous theory describes us that the democracy can happened under the authoritarian regime if the country develops. On the other hand, exogenous is not considered a modernization theory. Furthermore, exogenous is focused more on economy, the wealthier countries are more likely to stay democratic than poor countries, and they agree with Lipset on this one. Therborn also highlights that the war caused democratization in European countries and not â€Å"modernization† (Preworski, Limongi pg 2). However, there also some dictatorship regime that collapsed because of economic crisis or because of the pressure from other democratic countries (Preworski, Limongi pg2). To get better sense if the â€Å"levels of economic development and the incidence of democratic regimes is due to democracies being more likely to emerge or only more likely to survive in the more developed countries.† they tested 224 regimes that existed during the 1950 to 1990, and all the regimes that existed during that time were either under the regime of dictatorship (123 countries) or democracy (123). They found out that when the per capita income reaches more than $6,000 in dictatorship countries, the country become more stable (Prewoski, Limongi pg 3). So that means that dictatorship survives in the countries that are wealthy, however out 123 dictatorship countries only 19 survived during these years (1950-1990). Even though the small number of countries remained under the dictatorship regime, it cannot be said for sure that dictatorship regime collapses when the country's economy develop, this is the proof that indeed economic growth does not need to lead to democracy right away. However, some countries after the dictatorship still could not get the $6,000 per capita income. According to that, countries managed to get rid of dictatorship and lean towards the democracy, even though, they were economically weak. That point supports exogenous theory, which shows us that democracy in the countries occur independently and even with the fragile economy countries can develop democracy. To conclude this point, unlike Lipsot, Prewoski and Limongi prove that development of economy is not necessary for democracy to emerge in some country. However, Prewoski and Limongi do believe that economic development keeps the democracy more stable, and it is likely that democracy in poor countries will not last. Furthermore, Preworski and Limongi, disagree with Lipset concept that when countries grow quickly, democracy will become more fragile. Preworski and Limongi with their data prove that Lipset is wrong † Moreover, democracies that grow slowly, at the rate of less than 5 percent per annum, die at the rate of 0.0173, while those that grow at a rate faster than 5 percent die at the rate of 0.0132†³(Preworski, Limongi pg 5). That means that democracies that grow faster than five percent per annum will die in a lower rate than the democracies that grow slower. Finally, Preworski and Limongi use deductive type of analysis, because they have a theory which they tested and then they concluded it. It also looks like they were more focused more on a micro level of analysis because they used data mostly from the per capita income. It seems that in both texts' democracy is treated as depended variable and economy as an independent variable, because they are trying to explain how democracy and the economic development are related. Lipset's essay and the article from Preworski and Limongi, both have some fair points. After first reading essay from Lipset it looked like he has proof enough and that economy is the key for the countries to establish democratic regime. On the contrary to Lipset, Preworski and Limongi give more quantitative data, and looking from it is noticeable that Lipset was wrong about that point. Nevertheless, Perworski and Limongi agree with Lioset about how economic development is crucial for democracy to sustain a country. Lipset uses education as an important aspect to stability of democracy and he supports with the evidence while Preworski and Limongi do agree that education is vital aspect for democracy to develop and sustain stable but they mention education just briefly and do not use much data to support it. In both texts we can see that they use different countries in their data, while Lipset is more focused on Latin America and Europe, Prewowski and Limongi take data from 135 countries. Both texts give attention to economy and how economy influences democracy.

The eNotes Blog This Week in PoeticHistory

This Week in PoeticHistory Just for fun: were celebrating the lives of three poets that were changed this week in history, many years ago, and examining the curious ways one turn of events can change a legacy. Here are three world-altering events from three years in poetic history The Raven Is Born On this day in 1845, Edgar Allen Poes The Raven, one of the best-known poems in the English language, was first published. But it was no easy feat getting it into print. Poe first submitted the poem his friend and owner of Grahams Magazine George Rex Graham, who declined. He did, however, give Poe $15 out of what could best be described as pity. The poem was eventually bought by  The American Review, for $9. Still, Poe was not yet to become the household name he would shortly be; the magazine printed it under the pseudonym Quarles. It was in the  Evening Mirror  that the poem first appeared with Poes name beneath it. Thanks to this publication,  Edgar Allen Poe and his Raven achieved   immediate  success,both praised by Elizabeth Barrett (Your Raven has produced a sensation, a fit o horror, here in England. Some of my friends are taken by the fear of it and some by the music. I hear of persons haunted by Nevermore') and memorized by Abraham Lincoln himself. To discover more about and celebrate this influential poem, find the annotated eText of The Raven here at . Dante Alighieri Is Exiled If it werent for an unfortunate turn of politics, would Dante have written the masterpiece we all remember him for? On January 27th, 1302, the poet was banished from Florence, where he served as one of the citys six priors. Dantes political activities, including the banishing of several rivals, led to his own banishment, and he wrote his masterpiece,  The Divine Comedy,  as a virtual wanderer, seeking protection for his family in town after town, which may or may not be akin to walking the nine circles of Hell Of course, nowhere is this experience listed as inspiration for  The Divine Comedywe just couldnt resist the temptation of a good what if!  Yet surely this must have been a time of reflection for Alighieri, as the part of his guide through Paradise, the last portion of the series, was given to a Beatrice Potinari, Dantes own childhood love and adult muse. For additional background, analysis, and critical essays of Dantes masterpiece, find the complete study guide here. The Last Poems of Yeats Are Published from His Deathbed Seventy-five years ago, celebrated Irish poet William Butler Yeats took his last breath. In the same month, three of his last poems ran in The Atlantic. As he faced his own mortality, how did the Nobel Prizewinner look back on his life and work? Heartrendingly, with little regard for his own ego or extensive achievements. In The Man and the Echo, for instance, Yeats examined his role in the 1916 Easter Rising, a bloody rebellion by Irish republicans against British rule. In the poem the poet apportions blame to himself, as the speaker confesses to his own unforgiving echo: Man. In a cleft thats christened Alt Under broken stone I halt At the bottom of a pit That broad noon has never lit, And shout a secret to the stone. All that I have said and done, Now that I am old and ill, Turns into a question till I lie awake night after night And never get the answers right. Did that play of mine send out Certain men the English shot? Did words of mine put too great strain On that womans reeling brain? Could my spoken words have checked That whereby a house lay wrecked? And all seems evil until I Sleepless would lie down and die. Echo. Lie down and die. Yeats died on January 28th, 1939 in a boarding house in Menton, France.

Colloid Examples in Chemistry

Colloid Examples in Chemistry Colloids are uniform mixtures that dont separate or settle out. While colloidal mixtures are generally considered to be homogeneous mixtures, they often display heterogeneous quality when viewed on the microscopic scale. There are two parts to every colloid mixture: the particles and the dispersing medium. The colloid particles are solids or liquids that are suspended in the medium. These particles are larger than molecules, distinguishing a colloid from a solution. However, the particles in a colloid are smaller than those found in a suspension.  In smoke, for examples, solid particles from combustion  are suspended in a gas. Here are several other examples of colloids: Aerosols foginsecticide spraycloudssmokedust Foams whipped creamshaving cream Solid Foams marshmallowsStyrofoam Emulsions milkmayonnaiselotion Gels gelatinbutterjelly Sols inkrubberliquid detergentshampoo Solid Sols pearlgemstonessome colored glasssome alloys How to Tell a Colloid From a Solution or Suspension At first glance, it may seem difficult to distinguish between a colloid, solution, and suspension, since you cant usually tell the size of the particles simply by looking at the mixture. However, there are two easy ways to identify a colloid: Components of a suspension separate over time. Solutions and colloids dont separate.If you shine a beam of light into a colloid, it displays the Tyndall effect, which makes the beam of light visible in the colloid because light is scattered by the particles. An example of the Tyndall effect is the visibility of light from car headlamps through fog. How Colloids Are Formed Colloids usually form one of two ways: Droplets of particles may be dispersed into another medium by spraying, milling, high-speed mixing, or shaking.Small dissolved particles may be condensed into colloidal particles by redox reactions, precipitation, or condensation.

Devastation of War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Devastation of War - Research Paper Example The poem â€Å"refugee ship† is more explicit about one being a stranger to her own ethnicity. A mother who did not like the idea of her daughter being a slave to the Spanish culture and as such tried to keep the daughter in the darkness about her ethnicity brought up the girl. The mother did not teach the girl about the culture neither did she teach her about the language. The grandmother of the girl tries to do what the mother did not do by trying very hard to teach her the culture and the language so that she can be conversant with the Spanish lifestyle. Though she tries to learn, she struggles to pronounce the words though that was expected, as she had no up bringing on that matter. The girl feels so confused and hence feels trapped between the kind of personality her mother raised her to be and who she is expected to be by the society. She is conflicted because is a refugee from two different cultures and the "ship...will never dock..." because the ship represents her lif e and she must live that life to become what she is to be. In the poem the â€Å"refugee ship†, a picture is painted of one who is confused because of the two cultures she has to deal with. In fact, she does not know what the meaning of the things mean and misuses some words inappropriately. She voices her frustrations while talking about the ship never docking. In fact, it can be deduced that she is culturally homeless. This poem provides a clear picture of what could have happened as a result of immigration. Learning another culture would be difficult as one would not be aware of what he or she becomes as a result of the confusion that emanates from not being able to comprehend the other culture and master it for the sake of survival. The poem â€Å"refugee ship† is a classical picture that tries to paint a picture of the experience of the Vietnamese while using the boat as a transportation mode (Chmidt and Crockett, 5). An in-depth analysis of the poem would paint a picture of what happened from a different perspective. In the poem, there is a granddaughter and the grandmother trying to get along, but one major challenge is that they are not in agreement as they cannot understand one another because of the language barrier. It seems though that the two are in a different world. This paints a picture of the Vietnamese during the time of fleeing the devastations of war. As an immigrant the first challenge one would face is the problem of communication as one is not a position to talk back because they cannot understand. During the war that turned the Vietnamese as refugees and immigrants, majorities were exceptionally affected. The culture shock was one of such that was a big challenge. At that time, racism was also a major issue and thus, they had no choice, but to face the challenges that came with their new status are immigrants. Canada was one of those countries that hosted a number of immigrants from Vietnam. For instance, if any of the refugees or immigrants looked at the poem refugee ship, then it would remind them who they were in the past and how they acquired their status. As refugees, the Vietnamese lost a lot in terms of cultural preservation and development in life. For example, many children missed some important stages of childhood at the time of war, as some could not enjoy or have the privilege of growing up with their friends a factor that is very important for childhood development. Some could not also attend school and it therefore meant they lagged behind as their ability to read and write were not enhanced. A major devastation of was the traumatic experiences of war. War has the staggering capacity to destabilize a society in a short time. Many individuals who we re aware and unaware of the war have felt the devastation of that combat. A lot of people were forced to flee from their native home because the war had become a serious issue and lose of life had become eminent. Almost 2.5 million people were said to have

Recession and Depression Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recession and Depression - Term Paper Example In times of recession, gross domestic product is negative and this is accompanied by a decrease in investment, and an increase in rates of unemployment (Schumpeter,1939). Recession normally occurs for a short period of time. Hansen (1941) noted that high rates of unemployment are witnessed during recession. His argument is that during this period, a large proportion of the population is unable to secure jobs. The reason behind this is a decline in profits made by firms and this hinders expansion thus fewer job opportunities. As a result, there are low living standards and individuals are faced with difficulties when it comes to catering for their basic needs. Poor standards of living are in most cases witnessed by those who depend on wages and salaries. Lack of employment cause insecurity and this discourages investors from risking their money by investing in any kind of a business. Due to the high rates of inflation during recession, there is reduction in investments. This is primar ily because firms fear to set up investments because of the depreciating value of the currency. In the earlier stages of recession, there is a fall in productivity then productivity will increase as firms that are weaker close. Low investments by business firms mean a reduction in the amount of revenue from taxation of the businesses and individuals who could have been employed by investors. Government income will therefore reduce remarkably and there will be fewer funds to cater for the government expenditure. High interest rates during recession serve to discourage borrowing from banks. This will reduce the amount of money in circulation; inflation will therefore reduce. Recession causes a decline in the gross domestic product and this results to a decline in exports since the amount of goods being produced in the country is low. Recession erodes the confidence of consumers reducing the consumption rate. As a result, the recovery period will be lengthened. This occurs during sever e recession periods. There are also increased individual and corporate debts. The prices of assets such as homes and financial assets also reduce significantly. There is an increase in the amount of government debts during recession. This is caused by a reduction in the amount of government revenue from taxation. Recession forces governments to borrow money from lending agencies such as the international monetary fund. The amounts of funds being generated from within the country are not sufficient to finance the activities of government institutions. Low productivity during the early stages of inflation will cause a reduction in the amount of products that are available for supply. This will lead to high demand for products and therefore prices will go up. Consumers will be forced to spend an extra amount of money to purchase goods. High prices may lead to inability to afford necessities. Business people will hoard goods causing scarcity of commodities in the market. In times of rec ession, there is high prevalence of inflation and as a result people will reduce the amount of money they spend on leisure and they will start saving more money than they are use to saving. People are forced to increase their budgets and spend more on commodities due to the high cost of living. The end of recession is marked by a decline in the rates of unemployment. At the end of this

Successful security management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Successful security management - Research Paper Example The various area of security that needs attention include: Dalton (2003) traces the roots of contemporary corporate security back to the role of the night watchman prior to the 1960s. In this guise the job of security personnel within businesses entailed little more than acting as a lookout with a primary role of early warning in case of incidents such as fire. Throughout the 1960s and into the latter half of the 20th century this limited early role began to expand and fire watches began to take on more classical security duties including controlling access and egress from properties, patrolling and maintaining perimeter fences and general guarding duties (Gill, 2006). Dalton terms this the ‘Green Shack Era’ as activities were typically based out of such shacks located by the main gate (Gill, 2006). While security management progressed at varying speeds within industries different and between individual organizations a growing role for security departments within the corporate world was apparent. For the most part it moved out of the so-called green shacks and into offices embarking on what Dalton describes as the ‘Physical Security Era’ (Gill, 2006). With the arrival of the physical security era corporate security continued to perform duties such as security patrols but in addition took on responsibilities for responding to medical emergencies, controlling traffic, monitoring equipment, escorting employees and staffing front desks (Gill, 2006). This entirely defensive approach to corporate security could be considered the trademark of the physical security era and to an extent it remains the ethos behind security departments in many large businesses today (Gill, 2006). One of the effects of globalization has been a proliferation in the number of threats which face large organizations with exposure to operational risks all over the world. This in turn has made the job of protecting businesses much more complicated and means the

Immortal Characteristics in the Iliad and the Aeneid Essay Example for Free

Immortal Characteristics in the Iliad and the Aeneid Essay Although written in two distinct eras, The Aeneid and The Iliad offer views of the Trojan War, which have been studied for centuries.   The Iliad, written by Homer in 750-650 BCE, portrays the tale from the Greek point of view.   Sometimes thought to have been a mythic person himself, the telling of The Iliad is attributed to him nonetheless.   The story, written originally in ancient Greek, speaks from an omniscient narrator who can share all details encountered in the main character, Achilles, involvement in the war. Achilles has refused to fight in retribution for Agamemnon stealing his war prize, Briseis.   The Aeneid, on the other hand, is known to have come from the Roman poet, Virgil.   Although the main character, Aeneas, tells portions of the story, Virgil himself narrates the majority of the tale.   Aeneas is traveling to Italy to build a race of Romans.   Juno, who is still angry with the Trojans, sets Aeneas off course and the story begins with a recounting of the war itself. In the way the tales themselves offer varying illuminations on the same setting in Greece, the Gods portrayed share differing characteristics.   In The Iliad, Zeus stands as the king of the Gods.   He refuses to take sides in this war of men, although his favor moves to the Trojan side after Achilles’ mother begs him to intervene.   We find Zeus bothered by the request.   He is involved with domestic disputes already with his wife, Hera, and is reluctant to do any further damage to his solitude.   â€Å"Here is trouble.   You drive me into open war with Hera sooner or later: she will be at me, scolding all day long. Even as matters stand she never rests from badgering me before the gods: I take the Trojan side in battle, so she says,† (Homer, I.593-599).   He does go on to promise he will do as she has asked, although the reader can sense his foreboding in doing so.   His foresight is strong though, as Hera’s reaction is as he said it would be – biting and harsh.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Who is it this time, schemer?   Who has your ear?   How fond are you of secret plans, of taking decisions privately,† (Homer, I.620-622).   Zeus is portrayed as a beaten God, one who is verbally assaulted by his own wife and appears to be weary of her scorn. One can sense the laughter as the words are written, the hidden personalities that are so similar to common man. Jupiter, however, does not worry over what he will go through personally in order to grant the wish of the goddess who has appealed to him.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"With the serenity that calms the weather, and lightly kissed his daughter.   Then he said: No need to be afraid, Cytherea.   Your children’s destiny has not been changed,† (Virgil, I.345-348).   Jupiter has granted what she sought, and promises that her progeny will found the great kingdom of Rome, named after one of the twin sons to come from Aeneas.    The reader can already discern favoritism for the Romans by this issuance of Jupiter.   He is not a hen-pecked God as Zeus is, although Jupiter’s wife is not a timid creature.   Much like Hera, she is vastly upset and carried a grave distaste for the Trojans.   Jupiter, however, feels Juno will eventually relax.   â€Å"Juno, indeed, whose bitterness now fills with fear and torment sea and earth and sky, will mend her ways, and favor them as I do, Lords of the World, the toga-bearing Romans,† (Virgil, I.376-379). The reader gets the sense that the Greek Gods as told of by Homer are seen as folly.   Zeus is not the almighty master, as one would suspect the king of the Gods to be.   He is stuck between caring for his subjects, the minor Gods, and listening to the gripes and complaints of his wife, the telling is almost comical.   Virgil, however, tells the origination of a great race of people, his own Romans.   The Jupiter is patient and assured of the greatness to come.   His caring ways with his daughter and sincere belief that all will be as he said indicate his power and greatness, showing him to be a true King of the Gods. The physical separation between God and mortal man is great.   In the eleventh book of The Iliad, we find Zeus directly interfering with the battle on hand.   â€Å"Now Zeus, the son of Kronos roused an uproar along his host, and sprinkled bloody dew from highest heaven, being resolved that day to crowd great warriors in to the undergloom,† (Homer, XI,58-61).   The battle between Greek and Trojan forces allowed yet another display of Zeus’ great power over man. Zeus demonstrates this power while protecting Hector. â€Å"Hector moved forward with his round-faced shield.   As from night clouds a baleful summer star will blaze into the clear, then fade in cloud, so Hector shone in front or became hidden when he harangued the rear ranks – his whole form in bronze aflash like lightening of father Zeus,† (Homer, XI.67-72).   The soldiers recognize the ability of Hector to shadow himself as the protection of the Gods.   Zeus’ otherworldly display of power and support for the Trojan cause signifies the justness of their cause, yet as we already know, his might is not good enough.   Troy will lose the battle and the God is not all-powerful in the end. The Aeneid however, shows the true power and wisdom of Jupiter is not only just, but up to the task as well.   Aeneas will reach his destination, and Rome will become the great power it is meant to be.   Jupiter sees that Aeneas has fallen sedentary with his love for Dido and remains with her rather than fulfilling his duty as Jupiter told him.  Ã‚   The scourge of the earth is not brought down on his head to force him off the island.   The all-powerful Jupiter simply sends a messenger, Mercury.   â€Å"From bright Mount Olympus he that rules the Gods and turns the earth and heaven by his power – he and no other sent me to you, told me to bring this message on the running winds: what have you in mind?   †¦the land of Rome are due,† (Virgil, IV.365-375). Aeneas is reminded of his family fortune and honor, which are on the line.   True to his word and loyal to his God, Aeneas leaves Dido to fend for herself.   Her misery and subsequent suicide are not given any thought by Jupiter, the mission is at hand and the great Roman peoples are far more important than a single female.   â€Å"Beating her lovely breast three times, four times, and tearing her golden hair, ‘Oh Jupiter! will this man go, will he have mocked my kingdom, stranger than he is and was,’† (Virgil, IV.816-820)?   Jupiter pays her no mind; the Roman Empire is at stake.   Again, it is in silent action, verbal mandates that Jupiter issues his power.   He is not forced to resort to mortal measures to ensure his will is done. Zeus is portrayed as the mover, the God who has to physically partake in things to get anything accomplished.   The stronger God of the two, Jupiter, simply asks and gets what he wants.   The fear of retribution is fierce amongst not only the people, but also the Gods.   He does not take pity on the fallen as Zeus does.   In terms of masculine strength, Jupiter is by far the strongest.   Of course, such an amazing group of warriors, philosophers and artisans could never have come from so slovenly a King as Zeus. As the war wages on in The Iliad, Zeus is once again shown to be a weaker form than the mighty Jupiter.   Achilles has lost his best friend, Patroclus, in battle. Heartbroken, he vows to return to the battle immediately to slay Hector in revenge.   Although Zeus has long since gone to help the Achaeans in fighting this war, â€Å"Zeus took pity on them, saying quickly to Athena: Daughter, you seem to have left your fighting man alone.   Should one suppose you care no more for Achilles?   The he sits, before the curving prows, and grieves for his dear friend. The other soldiers flock to meat; he thirsts and hungers.   Come, infuse him sweet nectar and ambrosia, that an empty belly may not weaken him,† (Homer, XIX.374-382). Athena then goes off to give the poor warriors some nourishment so they may fight bravely in their final battles.   His heart still belongs to the losing side.   We see his weakness again with the interference into the battle.   In calling the Gods to Mount Olympus, Zeus tells them, â€Å"You know what plan I have in mind and why I called you, why you are here. Men on both sides may perish, still they are near my heart.   And yet, by heaven, here I stay at ease upon a ridge.   I’ll have an ample view here.   But you others, go into action, side with the men of Troy or with Achaeans, as each has a mind to,† (Homer XX.22-29).   Zeus lazily tells the other Gods that the people are dying and it breaks his heart.   However, he will sit on the mountaintop and watch the spectacle.   They should go down and help whichever side they feel is just, but he will just watch.   Homer again makes fun of the God.   He is a couch potato during the war he was powerless to stop in the first place.   His wife is constantly meddling in the affairs of state, and Zeus will not step in to act according to his heart. Jupiter does not have this problem toward the end of The Aeneid.   When fighting has broken out in Italy and the great Romans are fighting amongst themselves, Jupiter is asked his opinion.   He responds in a regal and self-assured manner.   When he opens his mouth to speak, all of the earth responds in kind. â€Å"The almighty father then, chief power of the world, began to speak, and as he spoke the great halls of the Gods fell silent, and earth quaked, and silence reigned in the highest air, the west-winds went to rest, the deep sea stilled his waters to calm,† (Virgil, X.137-142).   He has decided that fate will serve each man his own plate.   Jupiter no longer condones divine intervention.   This surprises virtually everyone present, as they have interfered in these matters right from the start.   Yet, the King of the Gods has spoken and it cannot be any other way.   â€Å"He took oath nodding, making all Olympus tremble at his nod.   There was an end of speaking.   Jupiter form his golden throne arose, and lords of heaven on either hand escorted him to the threshold of his hall,† (Virgil, X.160-164). Although the King of the Gods in each depiction of the Trojan wars and its eventual outcomes acted in extremely different ways, the act remains that they were in control the entire time.   The main protagonists for each tale are not afforded this same luxury.   In The Iliad, Achilles never has control over his bloodlust for Agamemnon.   His search for glory and the switching of sides is beyond his control so to speak.   The usurping of his prize from the war damaged his pride and it is the sole driving force for him.   When his best friend is killed, he appears to have devised a higher purpose for his rage, yet the reader notes he is still guided for his own gratification throughout. Aeneas, blindly does as he is bid to do.   He leaves his heart behind when he leaves Dido on the island.   Jupiter is not concerned with the trivial matters before him, and concerns himself only with the Roman creation.   Aeneas cannot simply believe that Dido will eventually understand what he must do, unlike Jupiter feelings for Juno.   The foresight the Gods portray separate them greatly from humanity, making the people seem as though they are simply pieces of a chess game, there for the amusement of creatures bored with eternity. Although Homer pokes fun at the God from the past and uses the tale to tell of the heroism of the Greek people, he fails to place his own God at the forefront as a just and caring ruler.   Virgil at least shows the God of the Romans as one who delights in the magnificence of the race. Physically the gods are far superior to the men they control, but in the case of Zeus, he is far from being above the simple human frailty of emotion.   Homer instills a sense of commonality between the people and their God, one in which the playing field is an equal one.   The Gods are affected by this war almost as much as the people are.   When interfering in the matters of men, the Gods are shaken to the core in some instances, harmed in others, and heartbroken other times still. For Virgil, the people end on the positive note.   The great anti-hero is dead, and the true hero does not turn out to be Aeneas, but the Romans themselves.   The reader sees throughout the epic poem, that Virgil had them in mind all along.   The creation myth of the great empire seeks to solidify their place in the world and by showing that that creation came from a just and powerful authority he accomplishes just that. Works Cited Homer.   The Iliad. Trs. Robert Fagles.   New York, NY: Penguin Classics, 1998. Virgil. The Aeneid. Trs. W.F. Jackson Knight. New York, NY: Penguin Classics, 2006.